10/02/2026
Why Rabbit Keepers Moved Rabbits Off the Ground: History, Biosecurity, and Buying Stock
One of my biggest concerns when buying rabbits is something many people never think to ask about: Has this rabbit been allowed on the ground?
That does not mean a rabbit that has touched grass is automatically sick. It does not mean every outdoor rabbit is carrying parasites. It means something much simpler: ground exposure changes that rabbit’s biosecurity history.
If someone wants to pasture their own closed herd, use rabbit tractors, or let rabbits play in the yard, that is their husbandry decision. What concerns me is when rabbits with that exposure are sold into other breeding herds , or put on a show table. , without the buyer being told. I deliberately maintain my rabbits off the ground. If I purchase an animal that has been running through soil visited by wild rabbits, raccoons, cats, rodents, ticks and other wildlife, I may be importing exposures I specifically designed my management system to avoid.
And keeping rabbits separated from the ground is not a strange modern invention. It has a surprisingly long history.
Rabbits have been confined for centuries
The Romans maintained European rabbits in managed enclosures called leporaria, and later medieval rabbit production developed around warrens. Those systems were not equivalent to modern cages and generally involved managed populations rather than individually housed domestic rabbits.
As rabbit domestication developed, husbandry changed. Agricultural writings from 1572 and 1600 distinguished wild rabbits, warren rabbits and domestic rabbits maintained in clapiers. Breeding does were maintained separately, while bucks were housed apart except for mating. Individual confinement was therefore already part of domestic rabbit husbandry by the beginning of the seventeenth century (Lebas, Tudela & Gidenne, 2010).
Historical research from England shows the same general transition. Domestic rabbits were being raised in hutches, sheds, pens, courtyards, lofts, cellars and specialized rabbit pits during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Thick, 2016).
By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, rabbit housing was increasingly being physically separated from the soil. Historical descriptions and illustrations document elevated wooden cages, and an 1842 husbandry recommendation described approximately one-square-meter compartments raised about 20 cm above the ground and constructed to improve drainage (Lebas, Tudela & Gidenne, 2010).
Later systems increasingly incorporated false or perforated floors so that urine and f***s could move away from the animal rather than accumulating on its living surface. Modern galvanized wire cages are comparatively recent, but the idea of separating domestic rabbits from soil and accumulated waste is not (Lebas, Tudela & Gidenne, 2010).
The ground is not sterile
Grass itself is not the problem. Dirt itself is not the problem. The problem is that an outdoor surface is an uncontrolled biological environment.
Coccidiosis is one of the clearest examples. Rabbit Eimeria species are transmitted through the f***l-oral route. Oocysts are passed in f***s, develop in the environment and become infective. Rabbits then ingest those infective oocysts from contaminated feed, water, bedding or surfaces. Young and recently weaned rabbits are particularly susceptible to clinical disease (Pakandl, 2009; Coudert et al., 1995).
This is one reason separating rabbits from accumulated f***l material has practical value. A properly designed perforated or wire floor allows f***s to fall away from the rabbit's primary living surface instead of remaining underneath the animal where repeated f***l-oral exposure can occur. It does not eliminate coccidia, but it can interrupt part of the transmission cycle.
Environmental exposure can also introduce parasites that do not originate with domestic rabbits. Baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, is shed in raccoon f***s. Its eggs can remain infectious in contaminated environments, and rabbits can serve as paratenic hosts after ingesting them. Migrating larvae may invade the central nervous system and produce severe neurological disease (Gavin, Kazacos & Shulman, 2005).
Toxoplasma gondii represents another soil-associated exposure pathway. Cats are the definitive host and can shed environmentally resistant oocysts in f***s. Rabbits become infected primarily by ingesting contaminated vegetation, food, water or soil and can serve as intermediate hosts (Dubey, 2010).
Tularemia requires a little more precision. Francisella tularensis should not simply be described as a “dirt disease.” In North America it circulates among wildlife and arthropod vectors, particularly ticks, with rabbits and hares playing an important role in some transmission cycles. Moving domestic rabbits into outdoor areas increases their interaction with the wildlife-vector environment in which F. tularensis occurs (Ellis et al., 2002).
RHDV2 adds another biosecurity concern. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease viruses can spread through direct contact, contaminated objects, carcasses and mechanically transported infectious material. RHDV2 has also established itself in wild lagomorph populations, meaning domestic rabbits can potentially encounter contamination originating outside the rabbitry (Mahar et al., 2018).
So, no, ground contact does not equal disease.
But ground contact does create additional exposure pathways.
“Everything has risks” misses the point
Of course everything has risks. Biosecurity has never meant creating a completely sterile rabbit.
Biosecurity means identifying exposure pathways that can reasonably be controlled and deciding whether the benefit of an exposure justifies accepting that risk.
If someone keeps a closed herd and decides that allowing rabbits onto grass is worth that additional exposure, that is their decision.
The equation changes when that rabbit is sold.
The buyer may maintain a closed breeding herd. Their rabbits may never have been exposed directly to soil used by wild rabbits, raccoons, cats or other wildlife. They may show rabbits, ship breeding stock around the country or sell animals to other rabbitries.
At that point, the rabbit's previous exposure history becomes relevant information.
Preventive medication does not erase that history either. A coccidiostat may reduce disease caused by susceptible coccidia. It does not protect against RHDV2, tularemia, Baylisascaris, Toxoplasma, ticks or every other organism encountered outdoors.
What I want to know before a rabbit enters my herd
When I purchase breeding stock, I want to know whether the rabbit has ever been housed directly on soil or grass, whether it has been kept in a rabbit tractor, whether wild rabbits have access to the same areas, whether raccoons or cats routinely enter those areas, whether the breeder has experienced coccidiosis or unexplained neurological disease, and what quarantine and sanitation practices are used.
None of those answers automatically makes a breeder good or bad.
They tell me whether that breeder's biosecurity practices are compatible with mine.
That is my biggest objection to selling ground-exposed rabbits without disclosing it.
A buyer cannot make an informed biosecurity decision about an exposure they were never told happened.
Keeping rabbits off the ground is not “against nature”
Domestic rabbits are not simply wild European rabbits living in cages. They are the result of centuries of domestication, controlled reproduction and selective breeding.
Controlled housing developed alongside that process.
Historical rabbit keepers learned that separating animals allowed more control over breeding. Later housing systems improved sanitation, manure management and predator protection. Modern rabbit production systems continued refining those principles (Lebas, Tudela & Gidenne, 2010; Thick, 2016).
That does not mean every cage is appropriate or every outdoor system is inappropriate. Cage dimensions, flooring, ventilation, sanitation, thermal protection, resting opportunities and enrichment still matter.
It simply means that keeping rabbits physically separated from potentially contaminated ground is a legitimate biosecurity practice with centuries of historical precedent and a biologically defensible purpose.
For me, access to grass is not necessary for a rabbit to have a good quality of life. Exercise, forage, chewing opportunities, resting areas, hiding opportunities and enrichment can all be provided without deliberately introducing an exposure pathway I otherwise have the ability to control.
And if another breeder chooses differently, that is their management decision.
I simply want to know about that exposure before their rabbit becomes part of my herd.